How Segregation Was Ruled Illegal in U.S.

How Segregation Was Ruled Illegal in U.S. In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case confirmed that different however equivalent was established. The assessment of the Supreme Court expressed, A resolution which suggests simply a legitimate qualification between the white and shaded races-a differentiation which is established in the shade of the two races, and which should consistently exist inasmuch as white men are recognized from the other race by shading - tends to wreck the lawful correspondence of the two races, or restore a condition of automatic subjugation. The choice remained the tradition that must be adhered to until it was upset by the Supreme Court in the milestone Brown v. Leading body of Education case in 1954. Plessy v. Ferguson The Plessy v. Ferguson legitimized the various state and nearby laws that had been made around the United States after the Civil War. The nation over, blacks and whites were lawfully compelled to utilize separate train vehicles, separate water fountains, separate schools, separate doorways into structures, and considerably more. Isolation was the law. Isolation Ruling Reversed On May 17, 1954, the law was changed. In the milestone Supreme Court choice of Brown v. Leading body of Education, the Supreme Court upset the Plessy v. Ferguson ​decision by deciding that isolation was innately inconsistent. In spite of the fact that the Brown v. Leading group of Education was explicitly for the field of training, the choice had an a lot more extensive degree. Earthy colored v. Leading body of Education Despite the fact that the Brown v. Leading body of Education choice upset all the isolation laws in the nation, the order of mix was not quick. In fact, it took numerous years, much strife, and even carnage to coordinate the nation. This fantastic choice was one of the most significant decisions passed on by the United States Supreme Court in the twentieth century.

Hernan Cortes Hero or Villain

The Sun Cannot be secured by a Finger Hearing of the word saint brings to my psyche an attractive man with certain characteristics of reasonable, equivalent, fortitude, courageous, genuine and a positive head. This makes the inverse a reprobate an individual who wishes wrong for somebody or an individual who makes fiendish. The occasion changes drastically, a legend of the past may not be viewed as a saint in the present and versa. Hernando Cortes a legend for joining two universes and vanquishing the most impressive progress of America or Hernando Cortes a miscreant for making the Aztec Empire disappear.Hernando Cortez was a significant image for the investigations, however murdering individuals, finishing the most remarkable human advancement in America and spreading ailments doesn't makes him a saint. With great methodology and not many men Cortes vanquished the Aztec Empire, first Montezuma II and afterward Cuauhtemoc. (5) Spreading sickness â€Å"smallpox† to the Aztecs t hat at that point will spread the infection all over Mexico and making numerous individuals pass on. (2) Taking over a human advancement that had his way of life, language, religion and subsequent to doing this got done with the whole Aztec Empire. (1) If you contend these reasons you get the consequences of a scalawag or for this situation the aftereffect of Cortes. â€Å"For the individuals of Mexico, Cuauhtemoc is a legend as the Spanish are cruel exploiters in their treatment of the indigenous populace. † (3) Not just Mexicans accept that poor and savage treatment for human beans is a wrongdoing. This is something that we were conceived and we quickly knew. Regarding people as slaves is disgraceful and this is actually what Cortes did.Coming to a spot that isn't yours and saying that presently is you place is a certain something, however treating them terrible so they would do what he request and slaughtering them in the event that they chose to contradict is another elev ated level of evilness. (4) Cortes was eventually answerable for the maltreatment endured by indigenous and this contributes hugely to the â€Å"black legend† of victory. (9) The dark legend of the victory was the maltreatment of the Spanish toward the Indigenous. Spanish started to take ladies and kids for the Indians to serve and to utilize insidious from them; they ate their suppers that the Indians got from hard exertion and work of ordinarily from them. 9) All of this where awful treatment towards the Aztecs that before the Spanish got to America was a human advancement that was not terrible treated by anybody. (6) This was the structure they treated the Aztecs that would later prompt the dissipation of the Aztec Empire. The Spanish were beginning to settle just as the diseases.In 100 years 90 percent of the Indians populace kicked the bucket and this was an issue that Cortes conveyed since his appearance. (11) Smallpox was without a doubt the fundamental scoundrel, howe ver not just, as the Spanish additionally presented the mumps and measles, both liable for some passings. 17) There is no proof that these contaminations exist in America before the appearance of the conquistadores. The infection was surely bloodiest than the smallpox in sixteenth century in Europe. (11) It can be obliging that this infection was passed in the primary attempt of Cortes attempting to vanquish the Aztecs in 1521. This being a quick malady that went from individual to individual. (16) When Cortes entered the city in August, found that about a large portion of the populace had kicked the bucket. Over the span of a half year there was not really a solitary town without being contaminated. 11) It has been assessed that about portion of the Aztec individuals passed on in the principal pestilence. While Cortes was planning more men and building ships for assaulting the city, the Aztecs were biting the dust by the malady that his men left the first occasion when they enter t he city. (8) This was a major additional assistance to make things a lot simpler so Cortes could overcome the Aztec Empire. (11) Without truly searching for additional assistance, help was tumbling from the sky towards Cortes; for this situation he discovered that he had murdered a great deal of men with one of his disease.In option, can somebody by considered a saint for something that he truly didn't design? After one in the long run comes the other. Cortes didn't just concentrate on murdering the Aztecs he is still associated with the skirmishes of â€Å"La matanza de Cholula† and â€Å"La matanza del templo mayor†. Cortes required men to assist him with completing the Aztec domain. â€Å"La matanza de Cholula† was an assault by military powers of the Spanish victor Hernando Cortes in his way to the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in the year 1519. (12) According to compositions of Cortes it was a forestalling activity on the grounds that there was talk that ther e would have been a potential snare inside the city of Cholula. The outcome was the demise of 5 000 or 6 000 Cholula, for the most part unarmed regular citizens in a period not surpassing six hours. (12) The other fight â€Å"La matanza del templo mayor† otherwise called the evening of tears was the night that Cortes lost portion of his men attempting to escape from the city of Tenochtitlan were additionally numerous Aztecs kicked the bucket; this was the 20 of May 1520. 13) The 27 of June 3 days before the evening of tears happened Montezuma was killed by his own kin, this will prompt the main disarray; days after the fact Cuauhtemoc will be the following chief of the Aztecs being perceived for a progressively forceful pioneer. (14) Cuauhtemoc realizing that Cortes was attempting to engage Tenochtitlan, he sorted out the military and individuals to guard the city, offered to evacuate the tributes to his vassals, invigorated the square and devastated the bridges.The Aztecs pr otected their situations for 75 days, until August 13, 1521. After the 75 days the city was incomprehensible the pioneer attempted to get away yet they were catch by Spanish individuals. (14) Cuauhtemoc was then caught and was threatened to death in the event that he didn't said were the gold was. Cuauhtemoc stayed detained for a long time. He was executed by the vanquishers during the undertaking of Cortes to Central America in 1525 and this was the finish of a human advancement that endure since the appearance of the Spanish. 14) Getting to an end, we dissect how Cortes treated, murdered, battle. Cortes a scalawag for making wicked combat zones where he ventured. Obviously here is the meaning of a lowlife. Spreading infections, causing individuals to endure, completing the human advancement just with the end goal of gold and his own advantages. A saint considers everybody not simply on himself. By and by with great technique and hardly any men Cortes vanquished the Aztec Empire, f irst Montezuma II and afterward Cuauhtemoc causing this to endure much more.However spreading sickness â€Å"smallpox† to the Aztecs that at that point will spread the ailment all over Mexico and making numerous individuals kick the bucket. This sickness executed 90% of the Natives in 100 years. Assuming control over a human progress that had his way of life, language, religion and subsequent to doing this got done with the whole Aztec Empire. Nobody can be viewed as a legend by doing these shrewd things. Cortes verification to be a scoundrel in pretty much every demonstration, now and then isn't sufficient to be a valiant men and brave. You have to utilize this characteristics for good not for awful treatment.

What Can You Accomplish in the Common App Essay

What Can You Accomplish in the Common App Essay What Can You Accomplish in the Common Application Essay? What Can You Accomplish in the Common Application Essay? There are a few things you should be specifically aiming for in your college essay, and all of them are easy enough to accomplish: Make Yourself Memorable: In advertising, the idea of making yourself memorable is called “branding.” Celebrities often call it “star power.” What it really boils down to is finding something about yourself, your experiences, and what you have to offer to the world that is effortlessly recognizable and easily recollected. What will make you stand out in a sea of similarly qualified applicants? If a group of admissions officers is sitting around the decision table, all looking at groups of students with similar GPAs and activity lists, what will make the one reading your essay grab your application, stand up and say, “Take her! Take the dancer who choreographed her presidential election!” “I want the trapeze artist with the fear of heights!” “Don’t forget that hilarious soccer player with the gnarly feet!” An admissions officer should be able to easily recall details that are emblematic of your personality and that are representative of who you are at your core. Tell admissions something they don’t know: You should use these essays as an opportunity to say something that hasn’t been said. This is how I FEEL about this thing. This is what is important to me. This is what I value. Maybe you talk about the bonding that occurs in morning car rides shared with your mom, or your nerdy love of experimenting with model rocket ships. Wouldn’t it be fun to detail your all-consuming allergy to processed foods (we are so sorry about that, by the way), or maybe compare your talents and inner qualities to your favorite sports cars? The students who are most successful try to reveal something to admissions officers that they would not be able to find on your transcript. And this doesn’t mean you can’t write about something that already appears on your activity list or in your academic report. What it means is that your essay shouldn’t be about the mission of Habitat for Humanity, or what you did in your community service hours for that organiza tion; rather it should be about how YOUR experience with Habitat for Humanity changed YOUR life in a real and compelling way. What unexpected experience did you have there? How did it make you a more complete and interesting person? If you can’t tell a story that is personal and revelatory, you should consider looking elsewhere for a topic. Put your personality on display: Are you studious and curious? Are you sensitive and brave? Are you determined? Are you funny? These qualities should shine through in your final essay. No matter the topic, an admissions officer should feel like they’re getting a giant slice of you in there. Family members and friends should be able to recognize your voice. A good test is to think â€" Would it be weird for anyone else to put his/or her name at the top of my essay? If so, you’re on the right track. Prove your value as a community member: As a member of a higher academic institution, your talents and skills and qualities don’t exist in a bubble. Admissions wants to know that you care not only about furthering your own education and realizing your own potential, but also that you will contribute to the larger community. This is why themes like generosity, sincerity, and self-reflection are so important. Schools want to know you will have a positive influence on those around you and that your gifts will be shared with the other great minds they choose for your graduating class. Showcase your basic writing and storytelling abilities: Obviously not all of us are going to be professional writers, and schools will probably expect higher quality writing and storytelling from their aspiring English majors than they will from, say, their aspiring engineers. But in a world where people increasingly communicate using the written word, even if it’s predominantly through email and text, it is crucial for students to have mastered the basics of writing and storytelling. And, (spoiler alert!) all of you will have to write in college. Still, this is the easiest demand to meet. Find a story that is memorable and one that naturally exudes authentic personality, and good storytelling will follow. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ » Want to work one-on-one with an Advisor from our team? We're here to help. GET IN TOUCH »

Who Were the Anti-Federalists

Not all Americans liked the new U.S. Constitution offered to them in 1787. Some, particularly the Anti-Federalists, downright hated it. The Anti-Federalists were a group of Americans who objected to the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and opposed final ratification of the U.S. Constitution as approved by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The Anti-Federalists generally preferred a government as formed in 1781 by the Articles of Confederation, which had granted the predominance of power to the state governments. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia – an influential colonial advocate for American independence from England – the Anti-Federalists feared, among other things, that the powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution could enable the President of the United States to function as a king, turning the government into a monarchy. This fear can to some degree be explained by the fact that in 1789, most of the world’s governments were still monarchies and the function of a â€Å"president† was largely an unknown quantity. Quick History of the Term ‘Anti-Federalists’ Arising during the American Revolution, the term â€Å"federal† referred simply to any citizen who favored of the formation of a union of the 13 British-ruled American colonies and the government as formed under the Articles of Confederation. After the Revolution, a group of citizens who specifically felt that the federal government under the Articles of Confederation should be made stronger labeled themselves the â€Å"Federalists.†Ã‚  Ã‚   When the Federalists attempted to amend the Articles of Confederation to give the central government greater power, they began to refer to those who opposed them as â€Å"Anti-Federalists.† What Drove the Anti-Federalists? Closely akin to people who advocate the more modern political concept of â€Å"states’ rights,† many of the Anti-Federalists feared that the strong central government created by the Constitution would threaten the independence of the states. Other Anti-Federalists argued that the new strong government would be little more than a â€Å"monarchy in disguise† that would simply replace British despotism with American despotism. Still other Anti-Federalists simply feared the new government would become too involved in their daily lives and threaten their personal liberties. The Impacts of the Anti-Federalists As the individual states debated ratification of the Constitution, a wider national debate between the Federalists—who favored the Constitution—and the Anti-Federalists—who opposed it—raged in speeches and extensive collections of published articles. Best known of these articles were the Federalist Papers, written variously by John Jay, James Madison and/or Alexander Hamilton, both explained and supported the new Constitution; and the Anti-Federalist Papers, published under several pseudonyms such as â€Å"Brutus† (Robert Yates), and â€Å"Federal Farmer† (Richard Henry Lee), opposed the Constitution. At the height of the debate, famed revolutionary patriot Patrick Henry declared his opposition to the Constitution, thus becoming the figurehead of the Anti-Federalist faction. The arguments of the Anti-Federalists had more impact in some states than in others. While the states of Delaware, Georgia, and New Jersey voted to ratify the Constitution almost immediately, North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to go along until it became obvious that final ratification was inevitable. In Rhode Island, opposition to the Constitution almost reached the point of violence when more than 1,000 armed Anti-Federalists marched on Providence. Concerned that a strong federal government might reduce the peoples’ individual freedoms, several states demanded the inclusion of a specific bill of rights in the Constitution. Massachusetts, for example, agreed to ratify the Constitution only on the condition that it would be amended with a bill of rights.   The states of New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York also made their ratification conditional pending the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution. As soon as the Constitution had been ratified in 1789, Congress submitted a list of 12 bill of rights amendments to the states for their ratification. The states quickly ratified 10 of the amendments; the ten known today as the Bill of Rights. One of the 2 amendments not ratified in 1789 eventually became the 27th Amendment ratified in 1992. After final adoption of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, Some former Anti-Federalists went on to join the Anti-Administration Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the banking and financial programs of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. The Anti-Administration Party would soon become the Democratic-Republican Party, with Jefferson and Madison going on to be elected the third and fourth Presidents of the United States. Summary of Differences Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists In general, the Federalists and Anti-Federalists disagreed on the scope of the powers granted to the central U.S. government by the proposed Constitution. Federalists tended to be businessmen, merchants, or wealthy plantation owners. They favored a strong central government that would have more control over the people than the individual state governments.Anti-Federalists worked mainly as farmers. They wanted a weaker central government that would mainly assist the state governments by providing basic functions like defense, international diplomacy, and setting foreign policy.   There were other specific differences. Federal Court System Federalists wanted a strong federal court system with the U.S. Supreme Court having original jurisdiction over lawsuits between the states and suits between a state and a citizen of another state.Anti-Federalists favored a more limited federal court system and believed that lawsuits involving state laws should be heard by the courts of the states involved, rather than the U.S. Supreme Court. Taxation Federalists wanted the central government to have the power to levy and collect taxes directly from the people. They believed the power to tax was necessary to provide national defense and to repay debts to other nations.Anti-Federalists opposed the power, fearing it could allow the central government to rule the people and the states by imposing unfair and repressive taxes, rather than through representative government. Regulation of Commerce Federalists wanted the central government to have sole power to create and implement U.S. commercial policy.Anti-Federalists favored commercial policies and regulations designed based on the needs of the individual states. They worried that a strong central government might use unlimited power over commerce to unfairly benefit or punish individual states or to make one region of the nation subservient to another. Anti-Federalist George Mason argued that any commercial regulation laws passed by the U.S. Congress should require a three-fourth, supermajority vote in both the House and Senate. He subsequently refused to sign the Constitution, because it did not include the provision. State Militias Federalists wanted the central government to have the power to federalize the militias of the individual states when needed to protect the nation.Anti-Federalists opposed the power, saying the states should have total control over their militias.   Legacy of the Anti-Federalists Despite their best efforts, the Anti-Federalists failed to prevent the U.S. Constitution from being ratified in 1789. Unlike, for example, Federalist James Madison’s Federalist No. 10, defending the Constitution’s republican form of government, few of the essays of the Anti-Federalists papers are taught today in college curricula or cited in court rulings. However, the influence of the Anti-Federalists remains in the form of the United States Bill of Rights. Though influential Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist No. 84, argued vigorously argued against its passage, the Anti-Federalists prevailed in the end. Today, the underlying beliefs of the Anti-Federalists can be seen in the strong mistrust of a strong centralized government expressed by many Americans.    Sources Main, Jackson Turner. â€Å"The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788.† University of North Carolina Press, 1961. https://books.google.com/books?idn0tf43-IUWcCprintsecfrontcoverdqTheAntiFederalists. â€Å"Lesson 1: Anti-federalist Arguments Against ‘A Complete Consolidation.’† The National Endowment for the Humanities, updated 2019. https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/lesson-1-anti-federalist-arguments-against-complete-consolidation.

My Impressions From Death Of A Salesman - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2107 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Death Of A Salesman Essay Did you like this example? Death of a Salesman: Play Report Death of a Salesman is a popular play that grapples with the idea of the American Dream by the famous author, Arthur Miller. The play is about Willy Loman and the events that lead to him killing himself. It has received many awards and is still very popular to this day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Impressions From Death Of A Salesman" essay for you Create order He was born on October 17, 1915 in New York during the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic depression that effected millions of people. His father struggled to earn money during the Great Depression, which he believes shaped him as a person. It showed him the insecurity of modern existence, (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica) at a young age which affected his entire life. He was married to the also famous, Marilyn Monroe, for five years and even wrote a play titled, The Misfits, in her name. Death of a Salesman was his second play written, after his Tony Award winning film titled Focus. He had been coming up with ideas for Death of a Salesman since he was a teenager, initially being about a Jewish Salesman. Other popular works of his includes The Crucible, After the Fall, and The Price. He sadly passed away on February 10, 2005, but his legacy lives on as a beloved playwriter. The play takes place in New York in a small home surrounded by apartments in every direction. It takes place in the 1900s, and money is hard to find with the population growing in their town. I believe the overshadowing of their home by the apartments surrounding them symbolized and foreshadowed major facts in the story. Willyrs yearnings to live the American dream overshadowed the importance of his family like apartments overshadowing his home. When Willyrs home slowly breaks from the weight of the apartments, it resembles his slow death leading to his death. The apartments are crowding his home or safe place, like how his dreams consume or crowd his thoughts and prevents him from working to accept things as they are. His home represents many aspects of Death of a Salesman and is great foreshadowing by the author. The set of the play is a small quaint home with a very minimal amount of furniture. On the first floor is the kitchen with the necessities, and behind there is a small liv ing room accompanied with a bedroom to the right. The boyrs bedroom is on the second floor and is not well lit. A portion of the stage represents their backyard next to the home and many scenes take place here. The storyrs setting plays a big role in the development of the story. The plays exposition starts with a traveling salesman named Willy Loman returning home from a business trip to his loving wife, Linda. He comes home to his two sons, Biff and Happy, visiting the family and their arrival becomes the initial incident of the story. The rising action begins when Willy is not happy and frustrated with Biff for not having a job at his age, although Linda tells him not to be too critical. Biff never graduated college which is one of the additional reasons his father is so frustrated. After Willy eats a snack, he starts to hallucinate about past experiences with his two sons. In his daydream, he reminisces about spending time with his sons while they were in high school and chatting with his wife. His daydream ends and soon after Willy is offered a job by his rich brother, Ben. Willy refuses the offer and begins to hallucinate about how his sons stole lumber a while back. His hallucination is over quickly, but his family begins to worry, and they discuss his condition. Willy becomes joyous to hear that his sons wish to go into business together, and Biff decides to go ask Bill Oliver whom is an old employer of Biffs for a loan to achieve their ambitions. Linda tells her sons about how she has found a pipe that showed Willy has tried to commit suicide, so she tells them to be nice to him at dinner. The next day, Willy goes to talk to his employer about staying local for business and no longer travelling, but his wish is declined, and he is fired. Willy has another hallucination, this time about Biffrs football game and he wishes his team to win. As Biff arrives to meet Bill, he realizes the man has no recognition of him, so he steals his fountain pen out of spite. All the boys meet up for dinner that night and ends up in a huge fight which ends up being the climax of the story. Willy reminisces his time with a woman that he was cheating on his wife with, and the stunned expressions on Biffrs face as he walked in on them together. After returning hom e, the boys apologize and Willy becomes once again angry with Biff, which causes him to sob in distress. Once the entire fight is over, everyone goes to bed, but Willy decides to go and commit suicide by driving off a cliff. The resolution of the story includes his funeral in which no one attended, and Linda repeating Were free, to her husbandrs grave. Willy Loman is the husband to Linda Loman and is the main character in this play. He is described to be stubborn, suicidal, short tempered, and in his opinion; well-liked by his peers. His character is completely infatuated with the idea of the American Dream for his family, this idea tends to stand in they way of his true happiness. This standard was a huge obstacle in his life that made it hard for him to accept his family for who they are. Willy tried to be more accepting of his sons, but sadly these tactics did not work. He ended up reverting to his old judgmental ways of life, instead of being accepting. His life ended by committing suicide and left many loose ends in the story. Even until his death, everything he did was for the American Dream in his life. This includes sacrificing himself to pass his inheritance on to his family, so they can be free. Willy was a static character because he cannot let go of the American Dream that his hindered him for so long. He was able to re sist change by sticking to his stubborn ways and not letting go of what he wants. Willy ended up going off the deep end, and it was his anger that led him to suicide. Biff Loman represented so many ideas in Death of a Salesman and stood out from the rest of his family. He is in his mid-thirties and still does not seem to have a stable job. He wanted to find himself and pursue a profession that he loves, unlike Willy and Happy who settled for money. His first job was working on a farm, but he was not content in that job position. Biff is constantly developing in this story because he always wanted to grow as a person and was open to new thoughts and ideas. An example of this, is he has a new goal to go into business with his younger brother. A huge obstacle in his life is his viewing of his fathers failures, specifically Willy cheating on his wife in front of his own eyes. He was the only character to know of his fatherrs cheating, and he disapproved immediately. This causes Biff to seem trapped in a web of lies his father strung; and consequently, leaves him vulnerable in the story. His main tactic to overcome this problem was following his instin cts, which told him to get away from his father and live his own life. Biff was a dynamic character in the story because he changes from an insecure boy living under his fatherrs shadow to a man who realizes the importance of taking care of himself. Happy Loman is also one of the main characters in the story and was important to the plays development. Happy is the youngest son of the Loman family and is in his mid-thirties. He is a successful young man and has many dreams, and who is similar to his father in many ways. His dreams tend to be unrealistic, like his fatherrs unrealistic want to live the American dream. He also is in a career not for enjoyment but for the money itself. Another way he is like his father is because he also is a people pleaser, and this is shown at the restaurant with the female staff. Since he is similar to his father, I think it is very likely he is also lonely inside but has learned to hide it. He is always being looked down on and never praised for being who he is. An obstacle in Happyrs life is like Biffs; trying to live up to his fathers standards. Happy tries to meet this standard by accepting his fathers wants and following them; without seeming to stand up for himself in the story. He does not overcome his obstacle out of fear of rejection from his father. Happy is a static character because he never developed into a new man. He was fixated on being who his family wanted him to be, and not being himself. As discussed, many times in this paper, the American Dream is a major theme in this story. It is shown multiple times in the story in many ways. This is showed when Willy does anything to be liked, even if it means living a lie. Willy always paraded the idea of having so many friends, but no one cared to come to his funeral. Another way he portrayed the want for living the American Dream is how Willy wants an ideal family that is perfect. A quote that supports this is, In the greatest country in the world a young man with such†personal attractiveness, gets lost, (Miller 8) which shows his judgment of his kids based on our countryrs success. Arthur Miller gives the basic question, Is striving for the American Dream worth it when you loose everything? I believe the author believed the author did not think it was worth it, and that is why he killed off the main character to portray his opinion. A very interesting part of the play is that Arthur never told the audience what Willy s old as a travelling salesman. He left this unsaid to leave readers in suspense, and to have us ask ourselves what we believed he sold. Personally, I think Willy sold his personality for popularity because he thought it led to success, when he was broken inside. A quote supporting this is, Hers liked, but hers not well liked, (Miller 21) which refers to Bernard when Willy asked if he was well liked. This basically is saying Bernard is not successful because the family relates popularity with other to success in life. Overall, this was not my favorite play I have read for many reasons. The first reason is I initially found it very confusing and I had to review the story before I was able to write my paper. Another reason is that it is not a happy story, and it does not help when you know someone will die at the end of the story. I also did not like Willy because he could not get over the idea of the American Dream because it seemed to prolong the story without having many happy moments. Although I did not enjoy the story overall, I did enjoy certain parts of it. One part I enjoyed was Biffrs character development even though he has had some troubles in life. My favorite part of the story was the foreshadowing with the setting of the play, including the house and apartments. The way that Arthur was able to foreshadow so many aspects of the play in a subtle way was very clever of him. I also enjoyed seeing Linda being so committed to her and Willyrs relationship, even though he did not deserve it. W illy did everything wrong as a father and husband, and yet his wife stays with him through it all. The play had many interesting scenes and although I did not enjoy all of it, I am glad I got to read it. Words Cited Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Arthur Miller. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 13 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur- Miller-American-playwright. Death of a Salesman. SparkNotes, SparkNotes, 2018, www.sparknotes.com/lit/salesman/. Shmoop Editorial Team. Death of a Salesman. Shmoop, Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008, www.shmoop.com/death-of-a-salesman/.

Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe Free Essays

For the following case: †¢View the Video Case for Chapter 3 for OMMyLab †¢Bulletize the following (so that the case can be understood fully from your bullets and not have to read the case) †¢Clearly articulate the question(s) you are answering before providing you answer †¢Quantitative Issue The manager is trying to evaluate how a new advertising campaign affects guest counts. Using data for the past 10 months (see the table) develop a least squares regression relationship and then forecast the expected guest count when advertising is $65,000. Provide the answer to your boss and then provide the model as backup) †¢Qualitative Issues 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe three different forecasting applications at Hard Rock. Name three other areas in which you think Hard Rock could use forecasting models. (Justify your choices) 2. What is the role of the POS system in forecasting at Hard Rock? 3. Justify the use of the weighting system used for evaluating man ¬agers for annual bonuses. 4. Name several variables besides those mentioned in the case that could be used as good predictors of daily sales in each cafe. Provide backup using appropriate technology (Provide the spreadsheets as spreadsheets). Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe With the growth of Hard Rock Cafe—from one pub in London in 1971 to more than 129 restaurants in more than 40 countries today—came a corporate wide demand for better forecasting. Hard Rock uses long-range forecasting in setting a capacity plan and intermediate-term forecasting for locking in contracts for leather goods (used in jackets) and for such food items as beef, chicken, and pork. Its short-term sales forecasts are conducted each month, by cafe, and then aggregated for a headquarters view. The heart of the sales forecasting system is the point-of-sale sys ¬tem (FOS), which, in effect, captures transaction data on nearly every person who walks through a cafe’s door. The sale of each entree repre ¬sents one customer; the entree sales data are transmitted daily to the Orlando corporate headquarters’ database. There, the financial team, headed by Todd Lindsey, begins the forecast process. Lindsey fore ¬casts monthly guest counts, retail sales, banquet sales, and concert sales (if applicable) at each cafe. The general managers of individual cafes tap into the same database to prepare a daily forecast for their sites. A cafe manager pulls up prior years’ sales for that day, adding information from the local Chamber of Commerce or Tourist Board on upcoming events such as a major convention, sporting event, or con ¬cert in the city where the cafe is located. The daily forecast is further broken into hourly sales, which drives employee scheduling. An hourly forecast of $5,500 in sales translates into 19 workstations, which are further broken down into a specific number of wait staff, hosts, bartenders, and kitchen staff. Computerized scheduling software plugs in people based on their availability. Variances between forecast and actual sales are then examined to see why errors occurred. Hard Rock doesn’t limit its use of forecasting tools to sales. To evaluate managers and set bonuses, a 3-year weighted moving average is applied to cafe sales. If cafe general managers exceed their targets, a bonus is computed. Todd Lindsey, at corporate headquarters, applies weights of 40% to the most recent year’s sales, 40% to the year before, and 20% to sales 2 years ago in reaching his moving average. An even more sophisticated application of statistics is found in Hard Rock’s menu planning. Using multiple regression, managers can compute the impact on demand of other menu items if the price of one item is changed. For example, if the price of a cheeseburger increases from $7. 99 to $8. 99, Hard Rock can predict the effect this will have on sales of chicken sandwiches, pork sandwiches, and salads. Managers do the same analysis on menu placement, with the center section driving higher sales volumes. When an item such as a hamburger is moved off the center to one of the side flaps, the corresponding effect on related items, say french fries, is determined. Hard Rock’s Moscow Cafe Data Month 12345678910 Guest count 21 24 27 32 29 37 43 43 54 66 (in thousands) Advertising 14 17 25 25 35 35 45 50 60 60 (in $ thousand) How to cite Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe, Essay examples

Norming Performing Team Development Model

Question: Describe about the bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model? Answer: Introduction Joe and Harry combined their first names to form a Johari model that is used as a model for self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, personal development, group dynamics, inter-group relationships and team development. The window expresses information on feelings, attitudes, skills, experience, motivation etc. The Johari window is also used to represent a team in relation with other groups. It is a square with four panels as a pictorial representation of degree of how known we are to others and ourselves (West and Turner, 2006). Johari Window Four Quadrants The Johari window has four quadrants- Arena, Blindspot, Faade and Unknown area. Every person is represented by their own window. Mine is described as under: Quadrant 1- Arena The arena or open area, free self or free area or open self is also known as the area of free activity. The quadrant gives the information about a persons behavior, knowledge, feelings, attitude, views, skills etc that is known by both the group and self (South, 2007). I know my name and age, and so do the other people. This region determines the amount of co-operation and communication I have with other people. When I first meet a new person, I dont gel up quickly. I take a lot of time to get comfortable with the person and create the comfort zone. I dont get too talkative or expressive in the beginning. The aim of a group is to explore and widen the open area so as to enhance communication in the team. I usually start with a relatively small open area because of lack of communication skills but it can be enhanced horizontally into the blind area with the support and feedback of my team members. The group members can also help in expanding my arena vertically downwards by disclosure in the group members. This region is the most ideal and open receptive person. There is a high degree of trust and respect in people for me. I am sensitive to the needs of self and others. I have concern for people whom I care. This region also highlights the personal skills in me and other members (Businessballs.com, 2015). In a team, as an action-oriented role, I played the role of Completer-Finisher. I see the projects completed from start to end. I was ensured to make no mistakes. I was not supposed to make any errors or omissions and pay attention to the finest details in the team. I believe in timeliness and I pushed the team to complete the job on time. I get a bit anxious about petty things and worry about small things unnecessarily. I am a perfectionist and follow an orderly fashion. As a people oriented role, I am a resource investigator. I explore options and alternatives for development and negotiation of resources. The external stakeholders who help in accomplishing the teams objective and I helped in coordinating with them. In a thought oriented role, I am a monitor-evaluator. I analyze and evaluate the ideas that people come up with. I consider all pros and cons to the situation before arriving at a decision. I am a critical thinker and apply strategic approach. I am poor in motivating bec ause I react to events rather than instigating it (Shenton, 2007). Quadrant 2- Blindspot This quadrant indicates the unknown factors of a person himself but the others know it is there within him. This region refers to a situation where one is unacquainted with oneself. This region can be made better by getting useful feedback from peers and managers (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). In an ongoing conversation, I might lose an eye contact that is not noticeable by me but was told from my peers. Sensitive feedback was given by people so that I realize my inner capabilities that are hidden from me. The blind area is not a productive space for an individual. This is basically ignorance about oneself. The capability hidden turns me unproductive that what is expected of me. For example, while eating in a restaurant some food particle sticks on my mouth. I dont see it but the other people can see it. Unless the other people tell me about the food particle stuck on my mouth, I wont know since it is a blind spot to me. I did not get very sincere answers from my peers as they hesitated to share any problem thinking they would embarrass me (West and Turner, 2007). In a team as an action oriented role, I have hidden capabilities of a Shaper. I challenge the team to improve on the grounds of punctuality and timeliness. I was told by peers that I am an extrovert who questions norms and takes effort to solve problems by developing the best strategies. I find obstacles as new challenges that need to be overcome. I dont let the team members quit when they want to. I motivate them in my very own ways. I get argumentative at times, and that offends the feelings of other people. As a role in people- oriented, I am a coordinator. I guide the team and the stakeholders by bringing them together in the best motive. Team cohesion is a priority for me where I can help people getting along and resolving conflicts. I bring out the best motive and value from each team member by delegating those tasks what they are good at. I tend to be manipulative at times as reported by my peers. Sometimes, I also try to shred away too many responsibilities from me. As a thou ght orientation, I am a Specialist, I can only contribute to a team task because of lack in specialized knowledge (Businessballs.com, 2015). When comparing with Tuckmans team model, it undergoes the Storming stage. The decisions dont apply easily within the group in this phase. There needs to be a focus on goals of the team so as to avoid getting distracted by emotional issues and relationships. There is formation of cliques and factions with the struggle for power. At times, to enable progress, compromises may be necessary (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). Quadrant 3- Faade This is the hidden area of what the person knows about himself but is unknown to others. These involve fears, manipulative intentions, sensitivities or anything a person does not reveal about himself. In a team role, according to action orientation, I play the role of an Implementer. I get things done through people in a manipulative way that I know would be beneficial for the team. I am conservative in nature and do not like to beat around the bush. I am organized and work systematically. Other do not know my inflexibility to new changes been made in the environment and I follow escapism in such cases. As a people oriented, I play the role of a team worker. I bring the team together by supporting them and making work as a single unit. I have a tendency to be indecisive when it comes to making decisions or maintaining positions. I help people get along their problems. I fear judgment or vulnerability therefore hide back my feelings for a situation. As a thought oriented, I am a Plant who tends to ignore given constraints and parameters. I am impractical at times and a poor communicator. A lot of hidden information is work-related and not very personal. Sometimes people get emotion ally upset and need some motivation as they are resilient in nature. This has also been described in the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. The relevant hidden information or feelings must be moved in the open area by self-disclosure and exposure process (Handy, 2000). When compared to Tuckmans model, it undergoes Norming stage. The roles and responsibilities are clear enough and acceptable. The decision making process is handed over to individuals for minor issues. The unity and commitment in the group or team is strong. The team has a working style that proves beneficial as a whole. Also, the team leader engages in social as well as fun activities. There is a general respect for the team leader among team members and that is evident. The organizational culture has a major influence on the team members for disclosing their hidden selves. Even the working atmosphere in the group matters for the same reason. The extent to which I disclose my personal feelings or information must be at my own discretion (Mindtools.com, 2015). Conclusion Johari window helps in analyzing personal self and also other peoples behavior and thinking patterns, interpersonal skills, and attitudes. This is helpful and taken into consideration in job profiling, human resource planning, customer relations and human resource planning. As a self-disclosure to be effective, judgment needs to be practiced by me. I must be honest and clear with my opinions. The estimate must be made to enhance a building relationship. The Johari window helps disclosures in enormous ways. Open area is considered to be the most ideal region for a person to explore oneself and others knowing the exact you. References Businessballs.com, (2015).bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Businessballs.com, (2015).johari window model - helpful for personal awareness and group relationships. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/johariwindowmodel.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Handy, C. (2000).21 ideas for managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mindtools.com, (2015).Belbin's Team Roles: How Understanding Team Roles Can Improve Team Performance. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_83.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window.Reference Services Review, 35(3), pp.487-496. South, B. (2007). Combining mandala and the Johari Window: An exercise in self-awareness.Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 2(1), pp.8-11. Sutton, J. and Stewart, W. (2002).Learning to counsel. Oxford: How To Books. Verklan, M. (2007). Johari Window.The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 21(2), pp.173-174. West, R. and Turner, L. (2006).Understanding interpersonal communication. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. West, R. and Turner, L. (2007).Introducing communication theory. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Unitys Strength free essay sample

There wouldn’t be delicacy in life, unless there’s happiness. Happiness wouldn’t be in a life, inside a soul, if there’s no rest, peace, justice, love and enjoyment. Partly, money is also necessary as that is responsible for our position in the society and a way to enrich our lives. But, leading a solitary life cannot bring all these things to a person. But also, these won’t be brought up even if in the society, unless, the unity among the members in the society is strong. Unity is the state of being together. All of us would be still uncivilized if there wasn’t unity to be seen. We have to be together to make a whole, which can show a way to success or victory. Perhaps, it’s possible to survive as a single, but no one can make it till the end, perfectly. In fact, it won’t be a school if there are just less than ten students. We will write a custom essay sample on Unitys Strength or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meanwhile, having a great amount, it will only be maintained if there is unity among them. Or else it won’t be possible to bring up a proper school when everyone is disunited. Apart from those, in sports, teamwork is surely required. Precisely, teamwork is a part of unity, being a team joined with different people to achieve a goal and working as one group. It’s well known that how bad the relationship grew and there was disunity found and caused the world war. It had so many tremendous negative effects. All of it as unity was feeble and turned up things with disunity. Other than that, this will make us lose our strength, help and support, in the name of separation. This separation occurs between communities, societies, nations and in other view action against peer groups, relatives or others. Fairly in words, unity’s strength improves everything. In the meantime, it would be destruction and loss when it’s disunited, destroying everything, including all. But, when there is sense of humour, thought and hospitality, there will be unity and bond. Certainly, human beings won’t have to face any problems at all, mainly, when considering social problems. Everyone should be very wise and pragmatic about being united and strengthening it by possible ways. This would help to bring up a brighter world, clean and gay.

The Use of Symbolism with “Young Goodman Brown” Essays

The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Essays The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Paper The Use of Symbolism with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Paper In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Nathanial Hawthorne uses the literary device of symbolism as a means of conveying the theme of original sin existing in society, and within everyone. He brings his main character on a journey through a symbolic forest, using the imagery and connotations of the forest to give insight into the main character’s awakening to the evil surrounding him, the sin existent within the hearts of everyone around him, and within himself. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism leaders the protagonist into an awakening that evil is existent even in the most unexpected places, including the world immediately around him. At the beginning of the story, we see Goodman Brown naively admiring the world he lives in and his own way of life in Puritan society. He is reluctant to leave his home and his wife, Faith, and when he does he takes what he described as â€Å"a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind†. The character begins his awakening to the evil just beyond his front door at this point, represented by the dark forest that seems to envelope him, taking him to a point of no return away from the innocence of his life just moments before. In the forest, Goodman Brown encounters many people with whom he grew up respecting and admiring for their faith and righteousness, yet their appearance in the forest leads him to the realization that they have a sinful nature. The connotations surrounding the forest (the darkness, the unknown, the fear) lead us to this conclusion as well, as we see people in his life interact comfortably with the man representing evil and all gathering at â€Å"the communion† of their race, led by the strange man who seems like a symbol of Satan. It is obvious that at this point the author is trying to relay his view that all humans possess an evil side, and trying to convey a message about original sin because the man representing the devil resembles Goodman Brown’s father, a symbol of how it transfers from parent to child naturally. When Goodman Brown is cursed with the ability to â€Å"penetrate, in every bosom, the deep mystery of sin, the fountain of all wicked arts†, he is able to see the sin existing in all of the people he once esteemed. Yet, it was not only their sin he became aware of, but also that within himself. Early in the story we are shown the faith he had, represented by his wife, and how he clung to it, but as he comes to realize the condition of others he sees the same condition within himself. The ‘dark man’ brings him on a journey through the forest as a means of taking him away from that faith, and when his wife Faith shows up at the gathering in the woods as well, we see his resistance to sin wear down because he realizes that his faith and sin must coexist together within himself. During the congregation scene in the woods with the ‘dark man’ leading, Hawthorne describes the meeting place as â€Å"one extremity of an open space, hemmed in by the dark wall of the forest†, a place closed to the outside world beyond the trees. It is as if the author is using this smaller space in the forest as a representation of Goodman Brown himself, and the fact evil and his Faith exist together in the world as a means of showing us what the protagonist is discovering. In the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Hawthorne creates a moral allegory that uses the darkness and unknown nature of the forest to represent the new insight into human nature that Goodman Brown develops by the end of the story. He is described in the last paragraph as â€Å"a stern, sad, darkly meditative, and distrustful, if not desperate, man† from that point on. The author allows the reader to figure out for himself that the dark, dreary, gloomy forest was the symbol of evil within the world as a whole and when the main character could no longer ignore that, he could no longer enjoy the other side of his nature, or the good within anyone else within his life.

Directors Confidential Board Meeting Assignment

Directors Confidential Board Meeting - Assignment Example All business services required access to internet, secretary services, copying, phones and fax. Breakfast and lunch to be arranged .Inform the complete day schedule of the guests to be ready with additional necessary arrangements. Morning refreshments to be provided after the arrival of guests at 8 am. A three course working lunch to be arranged at 1 pm. Afternoon refreshments to be provided during high tea. Complete the task by October 20. Transport to be arranged from Canary Wharf to London airport the next day. Pick up from Canary Wharf square mile at 7 am. Individual Limousines to be arranged for clients. In total 8 cars to be booked. Complete task by October 27. .. Contact Town car and limo service Inc (2) to save time for the booking. Guests to be dropped back to Canary wharf after dinner. 10 Individual costs for dinner not to exceed 150. Hence contact the Hotel Hilton facility manager to discuss on the facilities again (Food menu & dinner area).Complete task by October 25. 11 Transport to be arranged from Canary Wharf to London airport the next day. Pick up from Canary Wharf square mile at 7 am. Individual Limousines to be arranged for clients. In total 8 cars to be booked. Complete task by October 27. 12 Take down contact details of the Facility managers, Drivers and other support facilitators for any immediate changes/arrangements. Complete task by October 28. 13 Discuss on the plan with team members internally again and ask for suggestions/opinions for any betterment/change in the plan. Complete task by October 29. 14 Inform the client about the plan and ask if there are any changes necessary required in the plan. Complete task for October 30. (2)Event function sheet Time Agenda 7:00 AM Guests to be picked up from Canary Wharf - Square circle. 7:45 AM Guests to reach Hotel Marriott West India Quay 8:00 AM Welcoming guests at the Hotel reception 8:15 AM Breakfast 9:00 AM Message by the Head - Executive director. 9:30 AM Message by Second in command on the strengths of the company 10:15 AM Message by Third in command on the strengths of the competitor company. 11:00 AM Tea break 11:15 AM Overview of the current business scenario by a Senior executive 12:00 PM Discussion on Merger and Acquisition. 1:00 PM Lunch 1:45 PM Business prospects after the take over of the competitor company. 3:30 PM High tea 3:45 PM Discussion on Improvising on Business segments 4:30 PM A

Web Portal. Environmental Research Data Management Essay

Web Portal. Environmental Research Data Management - Essay Example Ecology may generally be defined as the relationship between living organisms, including plants and animals, and their environment (Levitt, 2008). It will be noted that the living organic component of the environment has so much dominance on the outcome and preservation of the environment. Much of the issue of environmental outcome and preservation also depends largely on how these living organisms relate to each other and influence the living of each other. In today’s era of environmental advocacy for the conservation and preservation of the environment therefore, it is proposed that the use of ecological web portals could be used as very effective avenues and media for the promotion of environmental awareness on how human behaviour in the ecosystem can influence the perpetual conservation and eventual preservation of the environment. The idea behind the use of ecological web portals to promote environmental protection is to ensure that there is a centralized destination and system, from which data and information regarding environmental interactions between various living organisms, and more specifically the effect of human behaviour on the environment can be sampled from. To effectively achieve the goal of the proposal, it is expected that a number of research questions will be answered. Through the use of research data collection in answering these questions, it is expected that the aim of the proposal will be achieved in the long while. The research questions are given as follows: 1. What are the specific human behaviours that impact on the environment negatively? 2. How can the use of a centralized web portal be used to solve these problems? 3. How can the use of web portals be promoted to reach a wider audience to play the role for which it is implemented? 4. What challenges are likely to be faced in the use of ecological web portal to promote environmental protection? In relation to the first research question, it will be noted that the human spe cies is a very powerful component of the ecosystem, which controls majority of the interactive activities that take place within the environment. This is said because the human beings have the power to raise other organisms and species within the ecosystem such as animals and plants and directly influence the way that these species relate to the environment. Due to this power possessed by humans, there are number behaviours that they put up that have been identified to affect the ecosystem negatively. In an attempt to answer the first research question therefore, the researcher shall undertake a comprehensive and systematic literature search to come to terms with examples of human behaviours and practices that affect the environment negatively. It is proposed that when most of these ecological practices and behaviours are known, it will pave the way for much information to be given on these behaviours on the web portals to the designed. Another relevance of this research question is that when the specific behaviours that affect the ecology are not known, the portal will only be championing a course that does not affect its users in any way. On the use of a centralised web portal to solve problems related environmental protection, it can said that this is a more modern form of information transmission that promises to have a larger reach and coverage than most available avenue (Popovic et al, 2005). This is because web portals are seen as components of the new media and for that matter, social media that have currently taken over the use of the internet. Because of the scope of users of web portals, the coverage of the advocacy that will take place will be impacting. For instance schools of higher education including universities, could become major targets for

The Challenges Faced In Employee Motivation Commerce Essay

The Challenges Faced In Employee Motivation Commerce Essay One question that is frequently asked by managers in many organisations is How do I motivate my emloyees? The concept of motivation is complex with numerous researches carried out and various theories put forward in order to explain and attempt to understand it. Many definitions exist for motivation, but the common definition is that motivation is a pychological process within an individual that drives a certain behaviour to achieve set goals. Currently, motivation is a source of frequent debates and is an issue of great significance and concern for both employees and organisations. Whilst reliable information systems and the latest technology are important, in todays expanding service industry, employees remain the most precious assets in any organisation. How well employees perform and their commitment at work are crucial factors to the success of their organisation; and in todays modern work, where there is increasing competetion worldwide, organisations simply cannot afford to ha ve a demotivated workforce or even lose good employees to poor motivation. Therefore, motivation of such employees is an essential role of any manager, yet it is also amongst the most challenging tasks to perform effectively. Managers must clearly understand and be aware of the sort of factors that define motivation of their workforce because, by doing this, they are able to focus employees efforts to work efficiently and effectively to achieve desired goals of the business. Managers must also be aware of the fact that each employee is different and unique in their own sense, hence they need to take account of these variations when motivating them. According to the Self-Determination Theory (2), a useful way to understand the concept of motivation is to divide it into extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation relates to motivation coming from others and the environment, where the individual behaves in a certain way in order to get something (e.g. pay) or because of external pressures (e.g. managers instruction). Intrinsic motivation, on the other hand, relates to motivation coming from within onself (3), where the individual acts in a certain way because of and actual interest in the act itself (e.g. satisfying need for competence). Frederick W. Taylor, the father of scientific management, had greatly influential views about motivation of workers. He believed that paying employees high wages, which is one of the sources of extrinisc motivation, was a sufficient incentive to motivate them to work harder and be more productive (find ref). This was possibly the case when organisations generally only sought complianc e from their employees, and extrinsic rewards provided by managers were an easy answer to problems with staff motivation and ensuring they did their work and followed the rules properly . However, in todays world and in the modern workplace, where employees are expected to self-manage and have more responsiblities, issues with motivation have become much more complicated and demanding. Motivating staff is indeed a difficult taks and is normally easier said than done. Currently, many organisations are motivating their employees by using extrinsic motivators such as financial incentives. However, this is not always sufficient to maintain the right level of motivation, as it only satisfies them indirectly. For this reason, employers need to also pay attention to intrinsic motivators, which serve to satisfy the direct needs of the employee, and consequently encourage better performance on a particular task. Monetary incentives and other extrinsic rewards are no longer sufficient to main tain staff motivation since employees are now required to show more commitment and creativity (1) . This, in turn, would depend on deeper sources of satisfaction that are more meaningful to the employee that extrinsic rewards would generally fail to offer on their own. In todays work setting, intrinsic rewards have a vital part in staff motivation; these include psychological rewards such as recognition and a sense of appreciation, which provide employees with a greater incentive for higher productivity and achievement. For most, if not all employees, financial security is a strong motivator and will remain as such for a long time, but managers must be aware that it stops to be the only motivator at some point, and even could stop to be a motivator all together depending on an individuals circumstances and variations. The different factors that can motivate the employee in the workplace can be expressed as needs which subsequently become motivators for greater productivity when they are fulfilled. Different things can motivate different people and be given different priorities. The manager must identify and then fulfill the needs for the employee, in order to form an environment in the workplace that encourages motivation. The various needs and expectations at work can be categorised into extrinsic and intrinsic motivation: EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS INTRINSIC MOTIVATORS Salary Sense of challenge and achievement Job security Receiving appreciation Promotion Positive recognition Contract of service Good treatment Work environment Growth and advancement Social interaction Responsibility Health benefits Extrinsic motivation relates to actual rewards such as salary, security, promotion, contract of service and work environment; these are often outside the control of an individual manager; intrinsic motivation relates to psychological rewards such as the sense of challenge and achievement, receiving appreciation, positive recognition and good treatment at work; these can usually be determined by the actions and behaviour of the individual manager(4). These sources of satisfaction differ from an individual to an individual and between different circumstances. They are interlinked, and therefore, cannot be isolated from one another, but must be used as a combination of motivators in an organisation. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES For many decades, theorists have been trying to understand what motivates an individual to behave in a certain manner in the workplace. However, this is a subject that has seen many conflicting debates as some researches believed that individuals do not lack motivation but certain incentives that motivate them are missing, while others argue that motivation originates from within the individual regardless of the environment and other external influences (9). Theorists have researched the subject of motivation by addressing two main concepts. First is the content of motivation itself, which concerns factors within the individual and the work environment that define and shape certain motivated behaviour. Second is the process of motivation, which concerns the perceptive process that an indivdual has for motivation in a specific setting. This has led to the development of numerous content and process thoeries about motivation in the workplace. CONTENT THEORIES In the 1940s Abraham Malsow, a psychologist, developed the concept of Hierarchy of Needs (10), which later became one of the most popular and influential theories of motivation. He proposed that there are five levels of needs that existed in a specific order, and that each level must be satisfied in turn in order to motivate the individual to satisfy the need at the next level. His argument was based on the fact that Individuals always had the desire for more, and for an individual to be motivated to pursue the next step, the needs at the previous level have to be fully satisfied. Therefore, certain lower-order needs needed to be fulfilled before other higher-order needs became motivators for the individual. According to Maslows model, these needs are physiological needs (basics for survival, e.g. food or water), safety needs (physical and emotinal safety), social needs (sense of love and social belonging), esteem needs (sense of recognition, respect and value) and self-actualisation (achieving ones full potential) (11). (rbs full) In the context of the workplace, there are potential ways that could satisfy an employees needs: Self-actualisation includes providing challenging tasks that would promote creativity and evolvement. Esteem needs includes recognition, praise, social status, self-respect, delegating responsibility and accomplishment Social needs involves social interaction, group work and pariticipation. Safety needs include job security, financial savings and living safe working environment. Physiological needs include providing adequate breaks during work and a salary that allows workers to afford life essentials (4). There are a number of identified problems in applying Maslows theory to the work place. In reality, other areas of life, beside work, can add to the individuals satisfaction, therefore the manager needs to also have knowledge of the employees life outside work. Also, the fact that individuals are different means that they place different values on the same need; and that some rewards at work can satisfy more than one need, and not necessarily satisfy one need at a time (4). Additionally, it was criticised for having a rigid order of needs which possibly would not apply to everyone, because priorities are likely to vary in different individuals and even for the same individual over time (11). In spite of all these problems, Maslows hierarchy of needs model has been widely utilised in many organisations as a guideline for managers to use to motivate their employees. It provides a valuable insight for managers about the general needs that individual employees have, and what can be used to motivate them (12). In 1972, Clayton Alderfer further developed Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model by grouping the different levels of needs in the hierarchy into three sets in his ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth) theory. He placed the lower-order needs, physiological and safety, into existence needs; social and esteem needs into the relatedness needs; and finally, the self-actualisation need into growth needs. In addition, Alderfer put forward a regression theory to accompany the ERG theory, which states that when higher-order needs are not met, the individual will work harder to satisfy the lower-order needs in order to increase their chances of fulfilling these higher needs (21). For instance, an employee who is having difficulties satisfying their sense of full potential would then probably put more effort into increasing their pay through promotion in order to maximize their chances of achieving what they want. (20) However, according to (11) a common problem with both Maslow and Alderfers models of motivation is that they contain having descriptions of needs that are too vague, particularly safety and esteem needs, which would essentially cause difficulties to managers in interpreting them and using them to provide certain opportunities for motivating their employees. In 1961, David McClelland created the Acquired Need Theory which is based on three motivational needs including achievement, affiliation and power. He stated that all of the three needs are normally present in an individual to a certain degree, but only one of them usually dominates. This is mix of motivational needs characterises a persons or managers style and behaviour, both in terms of being motivated, and in the management and motivation others. Another theorist, Elton Mayo, has made significant influences on the concepts of human relations and motivation, through conducting large studies of workers in an electrical company in the United States between 1924 1927. His findings emphasised the importance of teamwork, communication and positive recognition on staff motivation. His studies have also led to the creation of a model called The Hawthorne Effect which shows that the degree of interest shown by the manager has a positive influence on an employees job performance (5). However his model has been criticised for placing too much emphasis and reliance on social contacts within the organization on employees job performance (6). Nevertheless, the impact of Mayos research was huge, as it opened doors for further research into the subject of motivation by other theorists. Frederick Hertzberg (1959) developed a two factor theory based on findings from a study conducted in the U.S. through interviews with employees from different industries, in which they were asked about specific things that pleased or displeased them at their workplace. From this, Herzberg realised that there were two different sets of factors, where one set caused satisfaction and the other one caused dissatisfaction. One set of factors, called hygeine or maintenance factors are concerned with the work environment; they do not result in higher level of motivation, but there absence would result in demotivation. These include extrinsic motivators such as salary, security and work environment. The second set of factors are the motivator or growth factors which are concerned with content of the job itself; they result in increased motivation if present. These include intrinsic motivators such as positive recognition, challenge and a sense of achievement. His research also concluded that some factors overlapped both sets but had a stronger emphasis in one of them. (7) The size of the bars represent the degree of concern that each of the factors has on job motivation or dissatisfaction. The reason why the bars for achievement and pay look different is because they both offer short term satisfaction, as there is a continuous need to search for them to lead to satisfaction. This theory has been frequently criticised by many researchers for its limited application and possibly biased methodology. However, continue from pg 266 on book Furthermore, it has been noted the theory does not allow for individual differences, such as particular personality traits, which would affect individuals unique responses to motivating or hygiene factors.[4] The theories of motivation that were put forward more than half a century ago are still evident and widely utilised in todays banking industry. Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model, banks are constantly attempting to sustain a good level of motivation amongst their staff by understanding and fulfilling employees needs. At the physiological and safety needs levels of the hierarchy, basic needs such as food, shelter, warmth and safety are all provided by working in any bank through paying salaries and having a safe environment to work in. In terms of social and esteem needs, banks meet these by creating opportunities for employees to interact with each other and work in teams; in addition to good recognition of achievements through praising the employee or giving a bonus pay, both of which are only a few methods out of many more used by banks to give the employee a sense of value and appreciation. In terms of self-actualisation, banks meet this need by offering promotion opportuni ties to the employees, and giving them the chance to progress in their careers. The motivators that banks offer also cover the hygeine and motivator factors that were put forward in Hertzbergs motivational model. Expectancy theory is a general theory of motivation that is based on the concept that individuals are influenced by the perceived results of their actions. It argues that there are a number of inter-linking factors which determine the strength of an individuals motivation, such as the efforts expended, the expectation that rewards will be available, and that these rewards will be linked to their performance. In other words, the individuals level of motivation will depend on their perceived expectation that it will lead to the desired outcome. This theory has been approached by several different writers, namely Vroom, Porter and Lawler (HRM book). Vrooms expectancy theory is based on three factors: Valence the perceived gratification from a result. Instrumentality the degree to which a first level (performance-related) outcome, e.g. high productivity, leads to a second level (need-related) outcome, e.g. promotion. Expectancy the connection between a selected course of action and its expected outcome. The combination of valence and expectancy defines the level of an individuals motivation. Vrooms theory has been further modified by Porter and Lawler, to develop which takes account other factors besides motivation that could influence performance. These factors include individual skills, characteristics and role perceptions. These theories help managers to understand the nature of human behaviour and the complexity of motivation in the work setting; in addition to helping them recognise any problems with individual performance. They emphasise that managers should pay particular attention to factors such as an employees effort and performance, and use rewards whenever it is appropriate in order to maintain a good level of motivation amongst the employees; additionally, managers are advised to create methods of evaluating employees performance as a way to ensure that their workforce are constantly motivated. The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) offers its employees a package called Total Reward (rbs full). Besides salary, this includes flexible working hours, health and medical benefits, lifestyle benefits such as shopping vouchers, and certain financial products at special rates. It also offers monetary incentives such as bonus payments based on profit-sharing and individual-performance schemes; in addition to non-monetary incentives through recognition of good performance based on personal development plans, where the employee is given the opportunity for promotion. RBS gives the employees the chance to work flexibly through a variety of working practices including job sharing, compressed hours and home-working. In 2004, RBS won an award for its flexible working-hours program in the workplace (find ref). This enabled employees to achieve a work-life balance by choosing working hours that fit around their personal lives, which would have a positive influence on the employees commitment at t he workplace, and in turn results in better overall performance. This was highlighted in Elton Mayos studies on staff motivation in the 1920s that showed that staff tended to be more motivated and productive if they were feeling comfortable and satisfied with their work environment. In 1963, John Adams developed the Equity theory which is concerned with the employees perception of fairness in the workplace, in terms of treatment received compared to co-workers on the basis of inputs and outcomes. He argued that fair treatment is highly valued by individuals, and the feeling of inequity may have a negative influence on their performance. There are a number of factors in the workplace that play an important role towards the feeling of equity including pay, promotion and recognition. Employees would expect equal treatment based on their contributions and performance compared to other co-workers. This would subsequently result in a sense of satisfaction and would strengthen their relationship with the organisation and the team of employees, all of which is important for their motivation. Edwin Locke put forward a Goal theory of motivation in the 1960s, which is based on the idea that individuals goals have a significant influence on their performance. He argued that individuals who have specific and challenging goals set for them, to which they are committed to, would generally perform better, as they provide focus and motivation for the employee on the task given. The performance of the employee is further enhanced if this is coupled with clear and constructive feedback of the results, which provides greater focus and gives the employee a greater sense of satisfaction and motivation for the tasks set. In the 1960s Douglas McGregors developed Theory X and Theory Y, which are theories that define two different approaches towards motivation in the workplace. Theory X implies an authoritarian management style, where the employee is often regarded as relatively unambitious, lacks responsibility, tends to avoid work and change, and is often in need for some kind of direction at work in order to perform and progress. So in order to achieve the organisations goals, managers would adopt a stringent attitude towards the employee, in which they would often rely on threatening techniques of punishment to force the employee to comply with the organisations goals. Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model, McGregor argued that most employees in this environment would only seek to satisfy their lower needs, such as money; however, since they are already satisfied they will not be a sufficient motivating tool for any longer. Therefore, this kind of management style would most definitely produce p oor results in terms of staff motivation, and ultimately meeting the organisations objectives. For this reason, McGregor put forward a Theory Y, which assumes a participative management style, where the employee is considered to be self-motivated, responsible, ambitious, and that they genuinely enjoy working. According to this theory, managers believe that employees are self-directed and motivated to perform well at work. This creates a work environment where managers are able to exercise delegation, collaboration and responsibility in decision making amongst their workforce. In this Theory Y environment, most employees are encouraged and driven to satisfy higher level of needs such as esteem and self-actualisation, which are not fully satisfied and would therefore keep them motivated for higher performance and productivity at the workplace. (8) McGregors model has been criticised for being too rigid and quite unrealistic in the way it depicts management and employees as being one of either two extremes in the workplace. Nevertheless, his theories continue to provide a guide to managers about the fundamentals of management styles, and the importance of maintaining a positive attitude to staff motivation, where employees feel that they are well-treated and valued as part of the of the organisation.

Nisa Critique

While there have been many rich descriptions of the life of the !Kung of south central Africa, the account given by Marjorie Shostak in her analysis of the life of a woman of this clan appears to be a fascinating account at best but not entirely scholarly since it flouts major ethnographic guidelines.Introduction:The !Kung people are a tribe of hunter-gatherers who live as bushmen in the   southwestern part of Africa,   in isolated areas of Botswana (where they make up only 3 percent of the population), Angola, and Namibia, deep in the Kalahari desert. After gaining fluency in the language of the! Kung, Shostak returned to Botswana in 1975 for six months to complete the life histories of several women in the tribe.Marjorie Shostak manages to takes us into the oldest culture on earth by living with a hunter/gatherer tribe in southern Africa and manages to give us the details of there way of life through an interview with them, of course, before their way of life was further damage d by careless government administration policies. She reflexively collects interviews and anecdotes that enable her to explain their morals, architecture, tribal politics, spirituality, games, marriage rituals and subsistence lifestyle, giving us one of the best looks at how human society began all those thousands of years ago. Also read: My Problem With Her Anger SummaryOne of its major flaws especially for those with a strong understanding of anthropology is the fact that she concentrates her analysis from the report of one dominant character named NISA [the name is fictitious]. This results in a narrative of an idiosyncratic life, one that, as the !Kung woman Nisa once told Shostak, †I will break open the story and tell you what is there. Then, like the others that have fallen out into the sand, I will finish with it, and the wind will take it away†; seems to imply that each woman’s life is unique and may not reflect the truth about women’s lives in the general community of the !Kung clan, even though it truly attempts to mirror the conventions and culture of the group as well.However, from the book we are able to determine Nisa’s character as a woman who is forthcoming in personality, and unabashed and expressive in her native tongue, although she also comes across as de manding and manipulative in behavior. This presented to Shostak great problems in gaining an objective analysis, a fact that generated early ambivalent feelings towards Nisa which as she reports, did not endear Nisa to her any bit. Although Shostak tried to interview more than a dozen other women of all ages; inviting recall, asking pertinent questions and seeking bio-graphical highlights she seems to finally have settled her choice on Nisa as informant because of her   particularly forceful, colorful language, and generally truthful replies.Secondly, although   the justification of Nisa as informant is reliable, it only serves to foster the concept of authenticity in ethnographic representation. The importance of authenticity in ethnographic representation is still in doubt as portrayed in James Clifford’s   review of Edward Said's Orientalism, Clifford asks, â€Å"Should criticism work to counter sets of culturally produced images like Orientalism with more â€Å"au thentic† or more â€Å"human† representations? Or, if criticism must struggle against the procedures of representation itself, how is it to begin?’The general consensus seems to be that authenticity is itself a representation which can be misused. For example, the purpose of the poet or novelist is creative self-expression. For the creative writer, representation is the vehicle for expression; the creative writer consciously chooses representations as representations. The writer of nonfiction, however, typically focuses on the substance of what she wishes to communicate, and often fails to realize that she uses representations when communicating her ideas hence giving rise to rhetoric. Rhetoric is the characteristic manner by which a text's language and organization convinces its readers of the truth, but is itself not truth.Thirdly is the issue of dialogue versus monologue in ethnographic presentation. It is very apparent that Shostak’s   focus moves aw ay from the central position of the ethnographer (implicit in ethnographic realism and explicit in Dumont’s example of the self-reflexive approach in his book The Headman and I: Ambiguity and Ambivalencein the Fieldworking Experience), and brings the importance of native informants to the foreground. â€Å"The other† is given the opportunity, albeit limited, to represent herself in Shostak's text. Shostak's text is also significant because it attempts to incorporate dialogue as a structural feature.Shostak demonstrates the potential usefulness of multiple voices although her ultimate control over the text makes it a monologue. The monological aspect is repeated within the text itself: there is no true discourse between Shostak's and Nisa's portions of the text, only alternating monologues.   However, according to Stephen A. Tyler this presents a problem in ethnographic presentation, one that is solved in a different approach which he suggest when he says, â€Å"A po st-modern ethnography is a cooperatively evolved text consisting of fragments of discourse intended to evoke in the minds of both reader and writer an emergent fantasy of a possible world of commonsense reality, and thus to provoke an aesthetic integration that will have a therapeutic effect.†Tyler's emphasizes the dialogical nature of ethnography [alternating monologues as is the case in Shostak’s work], were the discourse is between reader and writer rather than between the writer and the culture he studies. Tyler maintains that the experience which matters is not the fieldwork but the writing of the ethnography; the ethnographer does not attempt to represent another culture to the reader, but rather to evoke in the reader a recollection of his own culture. Ethnography is a way to make the familiar unfamiliar and then familiar again.Lastly is the authors choice of topics that evolve around the issue f sex and violence maybe justifiable if viewed from the perspective t hat narrative is highly charged with sex because sex is important in !Kung life. From Shostak’s   very provocative findings, such as a much more sexually egalitarian sensibility than our own, we see that in the !Kung culture, marriages are largely monogamous, with some sanction for a second wife; lovers are accepted for both husbands and wives, but discretion is made more important expressly because discovery can lead to mayhem and even murder. However, Shostak seems to get this information largely from Nisa’s own personal account.Personal accounts are   rarely written without particular motivation. Every account has some agenda. Scholars suggest that we need to always consider why the subject feels it is important to share his or her life either privately or with an anonymous public. This is because the narrator’s motivation will account for what parts of a life are discussed and what details are filtered out. What motivated the author of the personal accou nt?Whether written or oral, a personal account is a subjective, selective account of a life recorded for a specific purpose, ranging from personal catharsis to revisionist history. There are many motivations for the creation of personal accounts, including a focus on the self, on others, or on posterity. In this particular account, were Shostak seems to have solicited the story, rather than finding the account, the scholar’s reason for seeking the personal account will probably color the nature of the questions asked.In this case, the personal account will likely reflect the scholar’s interests more than those of the subject. Hence, it can be postulated that Shostak’s interests in giving Nisa’s account was to highlight the issue of women and not entirely for ethnographic purposes. This can be evidenced by the fact that in her time all the way to date, women’s stories in the West have been increasingly considered valid testimonies, along with accoun ts by people of color and those outside the highest strata of socio-political influence. Therefore, although it is impossible to view history from a wholly objective position, it is still helpful to be aware of such biases.In conclusion, I believe that what Shostak should have done was to strive to consider other sources that could offer insight about the !Kung people, such as official documents (marriage, divorce, and birth records, public notices), archived newspapers (human interest stories, political coverage), and glossy magazines (regional and national views reflecting social trends of the time, setting a context). Although her learning of the language is a great achievement enabling her to establish effective communication with the subject, it serves to tell us only a fragment of the whole picture.This fact takes on a deeper gravity when we consider that the question of truth may have many answers. Nisa’s portrayal of her life is indeed accurate in her own mind. Yet we know that, after all, memory is selective: people’s responses to experiences vary and people’s memories of experiences change with time and influence. Events that happen in a person’s life between lived experiences and recording those events can shape their telling, which only confirms that truth may have many answers.Reference:THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION http://home.pacbell.net/nicnic/ethnographic.html#14Shostak, Marjorie, Nisa: The Life and Words of a!Kung Woman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (1981). Nisa Critique Introduction:The Kung people are a tribe of hunter-gatherers who live as bushmen in the   southwestern part of Africa,   in isolated areas of Botswana (where they make up only 3 percent of the population), Angola, and Namibia, deep in the Kalahari desert. After gaining fluency in the language of the! Kung, Shostak returned to Botswana in 1975 for six months to complete the life histories of several women in the tribe.Marjorie Shostak manages to takes us into the oldest culture on earth by living with a hunter/gatherer tribe in southern Africa and manages to give us the details of there way of life through an interview with them, of course, before their way of life was further damaged by careless government administration policies. She reflexively collects interviews and anecdotes that enable her to explain their morals, architecture, tribal politics, spirituality, games, marriage rituals and subsistence lifestyle, giving us one of the best looks at how human society began all tho se thousands of years ago.One of its major flaws especially for those with a strong understanding of anthropology is the fact that she concentrates her analysis from the report of one dominant character named NISA [the name is fictitious]. This results in a narrative of an idiosyncratic life, one that, as the !Kung woman Nisa once told Shostak, †I will break open the story and tell you what is there. Then, like the others that have fallen out into the sand, I will finish with it, and the wind will take it away†; seems to imply that each woman’s life is unique and may not reflect the truth about women’s lives in the general community of the !Kung clan, even though it truly attempts to mirror the conventions and culture of the group as well.However, from the book we are able to determine Nisa’s character as a woman who is forthcoming in personality, and unabashed and expressive in her native tongue, although she also comes across as demanding and manip ulative in behavior. This presented to Shostak great problems in gaining an objective analysis, a fact that generated early ambivalent feelings towards Nisa which as she reports, did not endear Nisa to her any bit. Although Shostak tried to interview more than a dozen other women of all ages; inviting recall, asking pertinent questions and seeking bio-graphical highlights she seems to finally have settled her choice on Nisa as informant because of her   particularly forceful, colorful language, and generally truthful replies.Secondly, although   the justification of Nisa as informant is reliable, it only serves to foster the concept of authenticity in ethnographic representation. The importance of authenticity in ethnographic representation is still in doubt as portrayed in James Clifford’s   review of Edward Said's Orientalism, Clifford asks, â€Å"Should criticism work to counter sets of culturally produced images like Orientalism with more â€Å"authentic† or more â€Å"human† representations?Or, if criticism must struggle against the procedures of representation itself, how is it to begin?’ The general consensus seems to be that authenticity is itself a representation which can be misused. For example, the purpose of the poet or novelist is creative self-expression. For the creative writer, representation is the vehicle for expression; the creative writer consciously chooses representations as representations. The writer of nonfiction, however, typically focuses on the substance of what she wishes to communicate, and often fails to realize that she uses representations when communicating her ideas hence giving rise to rhetoric. Rhetoric is the characteristic manner by which a text's language and organization convinces its readers of the truth, but is itself not truth.Thirdly is the issue of dialogue versus monologue in ethnographic presentation. It is very apparent that Shostak’s   focus moves away from the centr al position of the ethnographer (implicit in ethnographic realism and explicit in Dumont’s example of the self-reflexive approach in his book The Headman and I: Ambiguity and Ambivalencein the Fieldworking Experience), and brings the importance of native informants to the foreground. â€Å"The other† is given the opportunity, albeit limited, to represent herself in Shostak's text. Shostak's text is also significant because it attempts to incorporate dialogue as a structural feature. Shostak demonstrates the potential usefulness of multiple voices although her ultimate control over the text makes it a monologue.The monological aspect is repeated within the text itself: there is no true discourse between Shostak's and Nisa's portions of the text, only alternating monologues.   However, according to Stephen A. Tyler this presents a problem in ethnographic presentation, one that is solved in a different approach which he suggest when he says, â€Å"A post-modern ethnogr aphy is a cooperatively evolved text consisting of fragments of discourse intended to evoke in the minds of both reader and writer an emergent fantasy of a possible world of commonsense reality, and thus to provoke an aesthetic integration that will have a therapeutic effect.† Tyler's emphasizes the dialogical nature of ethnography [alternating monologues as is the case in Shostak’s work], were the discourse is between reader and writer rather than between the writer and the culture he studies. Tyler maintains that the experience which matters is not the fieldwork but the writing of the ethnography; the ethnographer does not attempt to represent another culture to the reader, but rather to evoke in the reader a recollection of his own culture. Ethnography is a way to make the familiar unfamiliar and then familiar again.Lastly is the authors choice of topics that evolve around the issue f sex and violence maybe justifiable if viewed from the perspective that narrative is highly charged with sex because sex is important in !Kung life. From Shostak’s   very provocative findings, such as a much more sexually egalitarian sensibility than our own, we see that in the !Kung culture, marriages are largely monogamous, with some sanction for a second wife; lovers are accepted for both husbands and wives, but discretion is made more important expressly because discovery can lead to mayhem and even murder. However, Shostak seems to get this information largely from Nisa’s own personal account. Personal accounts are   rarely written without particular motivation.Every account has some agenda. Scholars suggest that we need to always consider why the subject feels it is important to share his or her life either privately or with an anonymous public. This is because the narrator’s motivation will account for what parts of a life are discussed and what details are filtered out. What motivated the author of the personal account? Whether writ ten or oral, a personal account is a subjective, selective account of a life recorded for a specific purpose, ranging from personal catharsis to revisionist history. There are many motivations for the creation of personal accounts, including a focus on the self, on others, or on posterity.In this particular account, were Shostak seems to have solicited the story, rather than finding the account, the scholar’s reason for seeking the personal account will probably color the nature of the questions asked. In this case, the personal account will likely reflect the scholar’s interests more than those of the subject. Hence, it can be postulated that Shostak’s interests in giving Nisa’s account was to highlight the issue of women and not entirely for ethnographic purposes. This can be evidenced by the fact that in her time all the way to date, women’s stories in the West have been increasingly considered valid testimonies, along with accounts by people of color and those outside the highest strata of socio-political influence. Therefore, although it is impossible to view history from a wholly objective position, it is still helpful to be aware of such biases.In conclusion, I believe that what Shostak should have done was to strive to consider other sources that could offer insight about the !Kung people, such as official documents (marriage, divorce, and birth records, public notices), archived newspapers (human interest stories, political coverage), and glossy magazines (regional and national views reflecting social trends of the time, setting a context). Although her learning of the language is a great achievement enabling her to establish effective communication with the subject, it serves to tell us only a fragment of the whole picture. This fact takes on a deeper gravity when we consider that the question of truth may have many answers. Nisa’s portrayal of her life is indeed accurate in her own mind. Yet we know that, af ter all, memory is selective: people’s responses to experiences vary and people’s memories of experiences change with time and influence. Events that happen in a person’s life between lived experiences and recording those events can shape their telling, which only confirms that truth may have many answers.Reference:THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION http://home.pacbell.net/nicnic/ethnographic.html#14Shostak, Marjorie, Nisa: The Life and Words of a!Kung Woman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (1981).